Dicoumarol enhances gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity in high NQO1-expressing cholangiocarcinoma cells

Figure 5 Assay of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reactive oxygen in CCA cells. The mitochondrial transmembrane potential was analyzed by using JC-1 fluorescent probe. Fluorescent readings of the J-aggregates and J monomers were used as measurement of mitochondrial transmembrane potential. KKU-100 and KKU-M214 cells were cultured in 96-well black plates. The cultured cells were pretreated with dicoumarol at 10 μmol/L for 4 h, then gemcitabine at 1 nmol/L was added and incubated at various times. A: Incubation for 6 h; B: Incubation for 24 h; C: Other cultured cells were treated with dicoumarol at 50 and 150 μmol/L for 3 h. Bars represent mean ± SE, each from triplicate assay. ^aP < 0.05 vs control group.