Apoptotic activity of caged xanthones from Garcinia hanburyi in cholangiocarcinoma cell lines

Figure 3 Induction of apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cell lines by four caged xanthones. Photomicrographs (400 ×) of CCA cell lines KKU-100 (A, C) and KKU-M156 (B, D) treated with DMSO and gambogic acid for 48 h. A, B: Treated with DMSO; C, D: Treated with gambogic acid. Cells with membrane blebbing indicated by arrows; Fluorescence photomicrographs (400 ×) of CCA cell lines KKU-100 (E, G) and KKU-M156 (F, H) treated with DMSO and isomorellinol for 36 h followed by EB/AO staining. E, F: Treated with DMSO; G, H: Treated with isomorellinol. Nuclei of treated cells showing chromatin condensation (arrows) and nuclear fragmentation (arrow heads); DNA fragmentation of CCA cell lines treated with forbesione for the indicated times (24 h and 36 h). Genomic DNA was isolated and separated on 1.6% agarose gels containing 0.1 mg/mL ethidium bromide. I: KKU-100 cells; J: KKU-M156 cells. Lane C: DNA band of CCA cell lines treated with DMSO; Lane M: DNA markers. The figures show representative results of three independent experiments.