Blood transfusion for the treatment of acute anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease and other digestive diseases

Table 3 Risks or hazards of allogeneic blood transfusion

Acute transfusion reactions

Immunologic reactions

Acute haemolytic reaction (or THRs)

Febrile non-haemolytic reaction

Allergic reactions: Urticaria and anaphylaxis

Acute non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema: TRALI

Alloimmunization with acute platelet destruction

Non-immunologic reactions

Bacterial contamination

TACO

Hypotensive reaction

Non-immunologic haemolysis

Others: Hypocalcemia, hyperkalemia (cardiac arrest), hypothermia, hyperglycemia, etc

Delayed transfusion reactions

Immunologic reactions

Delayed haemolytic reaction

Alloimmunization against blood cell antigens (also platelets and leukocytes)

Graft vs host disease

Transfusion-related immunomodulation

Post-transfusion purpura

Non-immunologic reaction

Transfusion-transmitted infection: viruses (Hepatitis A, B, C, E, VIH 1-2, West Nile virus, HTLV I-II, Citomegalovirus, Virus Herpes viridae, TTV, SEN-1, SARS, etc), protozoa (malaria, babe biosis, Chagas disease, etc), prion (new variant Creutzfeldt Jacob disease)

Post-transfusion hemosiderosis (iron overload)

TRALI: Transfusion-related acute lung injury; TACO: Transfusion associated circulatory overload.