Copyright
©2009 The WJG Press and Baishideng.
World J Gastroenterol. Sep 14, 2009; 15(34): 4240-4262
Published online Sep 14, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4240
Published online Sep 14, 2009. doi: 10.3748/wjg.15.4240
Table 2 Known risk factors for cholangiocarcinomas
| General risk factors |
| Old age (older than 65 years) |
| Smoking |
| Obesity |
| Diabetes |
| Post surgical |
| Biliary-enteric anastomosis |
| Chronic inflammatory diseases |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) |
| Hepatolithiasis (Oriental Cholangiohepatitis) |
| Hepatitis C |
| Hepatitis B |
| Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) |
| Liver cirrhosis |
| Parasitic infections |
| Opisthorchis viverrini |
| Clonorchis sinensis |
| Congenital |
| Choledochal cysts |
| Caroli’s disease |
| Congenital hepatic fibrosis |
| Chemical agents |
| Thorotrast |
| Dioxin |
| Nitrosamines |
| Asbestos |
| Medications |
| Oral Contraceptive Pills |
| Isoniazid |
- Citation: Aljiffry M, Walsh MJ, Molinari M. Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of cholangiocarcinoma: 1990-2009. World J Gastroenterol 2009; 15(34): 4240-4262
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v15/i34/4240.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.4240