Review of salt consumption and stomach cancer risk: Epidemiological and biological evidence

Table 2 Summary of 11 cohort studies that evaluated the association between salt consumption and stomach cancer risk

Author and yr	Size of cohort	No. of cases	Length of follow-up (yr)	Factors evaluated	Exposure levels and RR (95% CI)1
Salt
Nomura et al, 1990: USA[65]	7990 male	150	4	Table salt/shoyu	Never-seldom, after tasting, always
					1.0, 1.4, 1.0 (0.6-1.6); NS
van den Brandt et al, 2003: Netherlands[66]	120 852	282	6.3	Dietary salt	Quintiles 1 through 5
					1.0, 1.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.2 (0.8-1.8); NS
				Table salt	Never, seldom, sometimes, often/very often
					1.0, 1.1, 0.7, 0.9 (0.6-1.4); NS
Tsugane et al, 2004: Japan[67]			12	Salt	Quintiles 1 through 5
	18 684	358			Male: 1.0, 1.7, 2.0, 2.3, 2.2 (1.5-3.4); P for trend < 0.001
	20 381	128			Female:1.0, 0.9, 1.0, 0.6, 1.3 (0.8-2.3); NS
Shikata et al, 2006: Japan[68]	2476	93	14	Dietary salt	< 10.0, 10.0-12.9, 13.0-15.9, ≤ 16.0 1.0, 2.1, 1.9, 2.7 (1.4-5.2); P for trend = 0.01
Sjödahl et al, 2008: Sweden[69]	73 133	313	18	Dietary salt	Low to high half
					1.0, 1.0 (0.7-1.4); NS
Salty foods
Kneller et al, 1991: USA[70]	17 633 male	75	20	Salted fish	Never, < 1, ≥ 1 1.0, 1.0, 1.9 (1.0-3.6); NS
Galanis et al, 1998: USA[71]	11 907	108	14.8 (average)	Dried or salted fish	None, 1 or more times/wk
				High-salt foods	1.0, 1.0 (0.6-1.7); NS
					None, 1-3 times/wk, 4 or more times/wk
					1.0, 1.0, 1.1, (0.7-1.8); NS
Ngoan et al, 2002: Japan[72]	13 000	116	10	Salted food	Low, median, high
					1.0, 1.0, 1.4 (0.6-3.2); NS
Kim et al, 2004: Japan[73]		400	10	Salted food	Quartiles 1 through 4
	20 300			(traditional type)	Male:1.0, 2.0, 2.5, 2.9 (1.8-4.7); P for trend < 0.0001
	21 812				Female: 1.0, 1.7, 1.3, 2.4 (1.3-4.4); P for trend = 0.007
Tokui et al, 2005: Japan[74]	110 792		12	Preference for salty food	No, a little, somewhat, much, very much
		574			Male: 1.0, 0.9, 1.1, 1.1, 1.4 (0.7-2.8); NS
		285			Female: 1.0, 1.6, 1.8, 1.5, 1.9 (0.6-5.8); NS
				Dried or salty fish	None, 1-2/mo, 1-2/wk, 3-4/wk, 1+/d
		574			Male: 1.0, 0.9, 0.9, 0.9, 1.1 (0.7-1.8); NS
		285			Female:1.0, 0.6, 0.7, 0.7, 0.9 (0.5-1.6); NS
Kurosawa et al, 2006: Japan[75]	8035	76	11	Salted food	Low, intermediate, high
					1.0, 4.0, 5.4 (1.8-16.3); P for trend < 0.01

¹RR: Relative risk.