Intestinal pseudo-obstruction: An uncommon condition with heterogeneous etiology and unpredictable outcome

Table 1 Major causes for acute intestinal pseudo-obstruction (adapted from 2)

Post-surgery	Abdominal, orthopedic, neurologic, urologic, cardiac interventions, caesarean section, gynecological/pelvic surgery, renal transplantation
Pulmonary diseases	Pneumonia, mechanical ventilation, adult respiratory distress syndrome
Electrolyte disturbances and metabolic disorders	Hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcaemia or hypocalcaemia, hypomagnesaemia, alcohol abuse, liver and renal failure
Cardiovascular diseases	Myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure
Malignancy	Retroperitoneal neoplasia, leukaemia, metastatic cancer, pelvic radiotherapy
Infective/inflammatory	Acute cholecystitis, pancreatitis, peritonitis, systemic sepsis, herpes zoster infection, gram-negative infections,
Neurologic	Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer, multiple sclerosis, low spinal cord disease
Traumatic	Pelvic trauma, spinal cord injuries, femoral fracture
Medications	Narcotics, opiates, anticholinergics, clonidine, amphetamines, phenothiazines, steroids