Antioxidant enriched enteral nutrition and oxidative stress after major gastrointestinal tract surgery

Table 6 Postoperative response; 3, 5, 7 d after surgery

	Group	Day 3, P	Day 5, P	Day 7, P
Glutamine (μmol/L)	Control	494 (82)	566 (137)	624 (279)
		0.821	0.349	0.151
	Treatment	503 (91)	512 (108)	544 (83)
Vitamin C (μmol/L)	Control	18.3 (7.3)	23.1 (11.2)	32.2 (32.7)
		0.123	0.014	0.602
	Treatment	31.9 (13.5)	41.9 (13.9)	46.8 (16.6)
Vitamin E (μmol/L)	Control	17.6 (8.7)	21.9 (9.6)	20.6 (9.1)
		0.130	0.293	0.185
	Treatment	19.5 (4.7)	23.8 (8.7)	25.8 (11.6)
β-carotene (μmol/L)	Control	0.28 (0.31)	0.30 (0.28)	0.19 (0.23)
		0.458	0.301	0.087
	Treatment	0.34 (0.46)	0.39 (0.43)	0.45 (0.45)
Zinc (μmol/L)	Control	6.6 (2.9)	8.7 (3.4)	9.7 (3.6)
		0.704	0.426	0.280
	Treatment	6.9 (2.5)	8.5 (3.1)	10.3 (3.0)
Selenium (μmol/L)	Control	0.74 (0.26)	0.98 (0.25)	0.99 (0.25)
		0.123	0.002	0.006
	Treatment	0.89 (0.32)	1.15 (0.36)	1.29 (0.39)
MDA (μmol/L)	Control	11.55 (3.94)	11.71 (2.19)	10.69 (2.58)
		0.104	0.392	0.095
	Treatment	11.04 (4.21)	10.13 (1.98)	11.01 (2.73)
GSH-Px (U/g Hb)	Control	11.29 (1.39)	11.44 (1.76)	10.85 (1.51)
		0.648	0.945	0.165
	Treatment	11.84 (1.63)	11.83 (1.72)	11.78 (1.63)
Cysteine total (μmol/L)	Control	253 (49)	295 (50)	307 (84)
		0.836	0.278	0.419
	Treatment	251 (52)	308 (73)	320 (85)
WBC (E9/L)	Control	10.8 (2.1)	9.7 (2.9)	10.9 (4.1)
		0.595	0.447	0.893
	Treatment	8.2 (2.4)	6.3 (1.3)	10.0 (3.8)
IL-6 (pg/mL)	Control	91.6 (165)	25.1 (25.8)	33.7 (39)
		0.547	0.708	0.650
	Treatment	43.5 (37.6)	28.1 (27.6)	20.1 (16.3)

Data expressed as mean (standard deviation); MDA = malondialdehyde; GSH-Px = glutathione peroxidase; creat = creatinine; Hb = hemoglobin; GEE-analysis was used for statistical analysis; P, difference between the treatment and control group over time, corrected for baseline.