Management of biliary complications after orthotopic liver transplantation: The role of endoscopy

Table 2 Key points in the management of bile duct strictures

- Bile duct strictures can be classified as anastomotic or non-anastomotic

- Early anastomotic strictures usually respond to endoscopic dilation and short-term stenting

- Late anastomotic strictures have a high rate of recurrence (30%-40%) requiring long-term stenting (up to 24 mo).

- If endoscopic or percutaneous treatment fails, surgical repair or conversion to Roux-en-Y choledochojejunostomy may be necessary

- Non-anastomotic strictures require long-term stenting

- Some patients do not respond and finally undergo re-transplantation or die because of this complication