Is ineffective esophageal motility associated with gastropharyngeal reflux disease?

Table 1 Patient profiles and the endoscopic findings in the patients with normal esophageal motility and ineffective esophageal motility n (%)

	Normal (n = 264)	IEM (n = 195)	P value
Age (yr, mean ± SD)	50.8 ± 11.1	51.1 ± 12.0	0.782
Gender (men/women)	99/165	87/108	0.125
BMI (kg/m2, mean ± SD)	23.6 ± 2.7	23.2 ± 2.7	0.393
Alcohol intake	58 (22.0)	31 (15.9)	0.104
Smoking	43 (16.3)	19 (9.7)	0.043
Heartburn/acid regurgitation1	128 (48.5)	104 (53.3)	0.304
Indication for pH monitoring			0.542
Globus	118 (44.7)	88 (45.1)
Hoarseness	63 (23.9)	35 (17.9)
Cough	27 (10.2)	24 (12.3)
Sore throat	30 (11.4)	28 (14.4)
Others2	26 (9.8)	20 (10.3)
Reflux esophagitis3	30 (11.4)	30 (15.4)	0.206
A	22	16
B	7	11
C	1	2
D	0	1
Hiatal hernia	17 (6.4)	10 (5.1)	0.555
Endoscopically suspected esophageal metaplasia	23 (8.7)	11 (5.6)	0.214

¹More than 2 d per wk;

²Other indications were halitosis, throat clearing and laryngeal pathology such as vocal polyp;

³Los Angeles classification grade. IEM: Ineffective esophageal motility.