Role of sex steroid receptors in pathobiology of hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 4 Androgen receptor protein and mRNA expression in liver tissue samples from HCC patients

	Subcellular Organelle	Method	n	Subjects	Positive	Country	Yr	Reference
AR protein	Cytosolic and nuclear	BA	5	3 M, 2 F	3 M, 2 F	United Kingdom	1983	[31]
	Cytosolic	IHC	10	NA	5	Singapore	1984	[39]
	Cytosolic	BA	19	19 M	14 M	Japan	1985	[14]
	Cytosolic and nuclear	BA	5	3 M, 2 F	3 M, 2 F	United Kingdom	1985	[65]
	Cytosolic and nuclear	BA	8	6 M, 2 F	2 M, 2 F	Japan	1986	[17]
	Cytosolic	BA	13	8 M, 5 F	8 M, 5 F	United Kingdom	1988	[66]
	Cytosolic	BA	19	19 F	7 F	Japan	1989	[15]
	Cytosolic	BA	45	31 M, 14 F	25 M, 6 F	Japan	1989	[67]
	Cytosolic	BA	11	9 M, 2 F	6 M, 1 F	Japan	1990	[35]
	Cytosolic	BA	21	18 M, 3 F	18	Japan	1991	[36]
	Cytosolic and nuclear	BA	9	6 M, 3 F	6 M, 3 F	Italy, United States	1991	[33]
	Cytosolic	BA	5	3 M, 2 F	3 M, 2F	Japan	1992	[68]
	Cytosolic	BA	26	18 M, 8 F	14	Spain	1993	[41]
	Cytosolic	BA	43	30 M, 13 F	28	Spain	1995	[69]
	NA	BA	32			China	1998	[70]
	Nuclear	IHC	31	26 M, 5 F	18 M, 3 F	Spain	2007	[47]
AR mRNA		ISH	22	16 M, 6 F	13 M, 3 F	Italy	1994	[16]
		RT-PCR	38	24 M, 14 F	21 M, 13 F	Italy	2002	[71]
		RT-PCR	32	23 M, 9 F	23 M, 9 F	Korea	2006	[52]

AR: Androgen receptor; BA: Binding assay; IHC: Immunohistochemistry; ISH: In situ hybridization; RT-PCR: Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction; n: Sample size; M: Male; F: Female; NA: Information not available.