Intraoperative ultrasound as an educational guide for laparoscopic biliary surgery

Figure 2 Operative time for LC. In an analysis of covariance, LCG, as well as presence and absence of implementation of IOUS, were significant factors that affected operation time. Operation time when IOUS was implemented significantly increased for junior surgeons (all, P < 0.01), regardless of LCG, thus requiring approximately double the time in comparison to that of senior surgeons.