Intraoperative ultrasound as an educational guide for laparoscopic biliary surgery

Table 2 Various operations before and after routine IOUS

	Before routine IOUS (n = 368)	Routine IOUS (n = 276)	P
Surgeon, n (%)
Senior (≥ 100 cases)	341 (92.7)	77 (27.9)	< 0.0001
Junior (< 30 cases)	27 (7.3)	199 (72.1)
Intraoperative image studies, n (%)
Ultrasound	68 (18.5)	231 (83.7)	< 0.0001
Cholangiography	45 (12.7)	25 (9.1)	0.14
Anatomical variations of the bile ducts, n (%)	10 (2.7)	12 (4.2)	0.26
Laparoscopic cholecystitis grading, n (%)
G0	203 (55.2)	166 (60.1)	0.03
G1	59 (16.0)	40 (14.5)
G2	72 (19.6)	33 (12.0)
G3	34 (9.2)	37 (13.4)
Conversion to open surgery, n (%)	6 (1.6)	15 (5.4)	0.007
BDI	2	0	0.27
Severe cholecystitis	2	4
Cholecystoduodenal fistula	0	1
Access failure due to dense adhesion	1	5
Cancer suspected	1	1
Systemic co-morbidity	0	3
Total laparoscopic procedures, n (%)	362 (98.4)	261 (94.6)	0.007
Cholecystectomy	317 (87.6)	235 (90.0)	0.34
Cholecystectomy and choledocholithotripsy	45 (12.4)	26 (10.0)
Operative time1 (min)	93.7 ± 53.1	116.7 ± 49.7	< 0.0001
Cholecystectomy	80.6 ± 36.2	109.4 ± 42.1	< 0.0001
Cholecystectomy and choledocholithotripsy	185.4 ± 62.0	187.6 ± 61.2	0.88
Blood loss1 (g)	16.9 ± 75.5	14.1 ± 53.2	0.6
Cholecystectomy	10.1 ± 42.8	15.1 ± 55.4	0.23
Cholecystectomy and choledocholithotripsy	65.1 ± 175.4	4.2 ± 20.4	0.1

¹In cases treated with total laparoscopic procedures.