Role of ischaemic preconditioning in liver regeneration following major liver resection and transplantation

Figure 3 The effect of ischaemic preconditioning and its effectors on the signaling pathways of liver regeneration. TK: Tyrosine kinase; PKC: Protein kinase C; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappaB; IκBα: Inhibitory binding protein for NF-κB; ERK-1/2: Extracellular regulated kinases 1/2; HSPs: Heat shock proteins; NO: Nitric oxide; IL1-RA: Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist; HGF: Hepatocyte growth factor; ROS: Reactive oxygen species; PI 3K/Akt: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt-signal pathway; JNK: c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase; C-D1: Cyclin D1; IL-1: Interleukin-1; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β.