Novel interactions of mitochondria and reactive oxygen/nitrogen species in alcohol mediated liver disease

Figure 1 Superoxide production and reactive nitrogen species reactions in mitochondria. During electron transfer superoxide (O₂^●–) is generated within Complexes I (b, c) and III (a) due to the presence of stable semiquionine anion species. Solid arrows illustrate forward electron flow, whereas dashed arrows indicate reverse electron flow through Complex II to increase O₂^●– production in ComplexI(c). O₂^●– dismutation to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) by manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) affects cellular redox signaling pathways (d). Increased iNOS expression leads to diffusion of nitric oxide (NO) into mitochondria where it inhibits cytochrome c oxidase (e), which increases O₂^●– generation.