Impaired contractility and remodeling of the upper gastrointestinal tract in diabetes mellitus type-1

Table 2 The contractile activity on the bag and at the proximal pressure recording site are given for both the esophagus and duodenum (mean ± SEM)

	Esophagus				Duodenum
	Bag		Proximal		Bag		Proximal
	Controls	Diabetes	Controls	Diabetes	Controls	Diabetes	Controls	Diabetes
Time to first	17.5 ± 6.0	9.9 ± 2.7	35 ± 9.0	6.6 ± 2.3	16.5 ± 5.9	15.9 ± 5.2	28 ± 8	6.5 ± 2.5
contraction (s)	F = 3.8	P = 0.07	F = 16	P < 0.001	F = 0.4	P = 0.6	F = 2.2	P = 0.16
Ratio bag/proximal, time	0.5 ± 0.1	1.5 ± 0.6			0.6 ± 0.2	1.2 ± 0.2
to first contraction	F = 5.8	P = 0.03			F = 3.6	P = 0.08
Number of contractions	2.6 ± 0.5	5.9 ± 0.7	2.2 ± 0.6	4.5 ± 0.8	1.6 ± 0.4	1.9 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.2	2.1 ± 0.7
in first minute	F = 14	P = 0.001	F = 5.8	P = 0.03	F = 0.2	P = 0.7	F = 2.9	P = 0.09
Frequency	3.3 ± 0.5	6.0 ± 0.6	3.0 ± 0.7	4.6 ± 0.8	1.7 ± 0.4	1.7 ± 0.5	1.2 ± 0.3	1.7 ± 0.4
(min-1)	F = 13	P = 0.001	F = 2.6	P = 0.11	F = 0.03	P = 0.9	F = 0.5	P = 0.5
Maximum amplitude	95 ± 11	63 ± 10	37 ± 7	34 ± 5	19.1 ± 4.8	19.5 ± 5.1	15.9 ± 2.6	14.6 ± 3.8
(mm H2O)	F = 4.9	P = 0.04	F = 0.09	P = 0.8	F = 0.01	P = 0.9	F = 0.08	P = 0.8
Contractile work	1470 ± 257	592 ± 165	386 ± 57	181 ± 43	106 ± 50	88 ± 43	60 ± 15	42 ± 16
(mm H2O x s)	F = 7.8	P = 0.01	F = 7.5	P = 0.01	F = 0.9	P = 0.8	F = 0.6	P = 0.4

P- and F-values are given, and bold P-values indicate significant difference between the diabetes patients and healthy controls.