New insights into the coagulopathy of liver disease and liver transplantation

Table 1 Hemostatic abnormalities associated with liver disease

Favoring hemorrage	Favoring thrombosis
Low platelet count
Impaired platelet function and platelet-vessel wall interaction	Elevated levels of factors VIII and vWf
Enhanced platelet inhibition by nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin	Decreased levels of protein C, protein S, antithrormbin
III, α2-antiplasmin
Decreased levels coagulation factors (II, V, VII, IX, X, XI)	Macroglobulin
Quantitative and qualitative abnormalities of fibrinogen	Heparin cofactor II elevated
Low level of α2-antiplasmin, TAFI, histidine-rich-glycoprotein	Decreased levels of plasminogen
levels of tPA, with small increase of PAI-1 levels