Efficacy of balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, percutaneous transhepatic obliteration and combined techniques for the management of gastric fundal varices

Table 1 Main clinical and biochemical characteristics of 93 patients treated with interventional radiology for gastric varices n (%)

Clinical characteristics	BRTO	PTO	Com-T	Total
Sex (M/F)	37/38	5/3	5/5	47/46
Age (mean ± SD)	63.4 ± 10.0	62.9 ± 8.4	68.9 ± 12.8	63.9 ± 10.2
Cause of portal hypertension
Alcoholic liver cirrhosis	10 (13)	1 (13)	3 (30)	14 (15)
HBV (+) liver cirrhosis	3 (4)	0 (0)	1 (10)	4 (4)
HCV (+) liver cirrhosis	52 (69)	6 (75)	5 (50)	63 (68)
HBV (-) HCV (-) liver cirrhosis	7 (9)	0 (0)	1 (10)	8 (9)
Idiopathic portal hypertension	1 (1)	1 (13)	0 (0)	2 (2)
Primary biliary cirrhosis	1 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1)
Traumatic	1 (1)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1 (1)
Presence of Hepatocellular carcinoma	21 (28)	0 (0)	0 (0)	21 (23)
Child-Pugh class
A	42 (56)	3 (38)	7 (70)	52 (56)
B	29 (39)	4 (50)	2 (20)	35 (38)
C	2 (3)	0 (0)	1 (10)	3 (3)
Location of gastric varices
IGV1	56 (75)	2 (25)	9 (90)	67 (72)
GOV2	19 (25)	6 (75)	1 (10)	26 (28)
Form of gastric varices
Tumorous	26 (35)	1 (13)	2 (20)	29 (31)
Nodular	49 (65)	7 (88)	8 (80)	64 (69)
Previous gastric variceal bleeding
Present	36 (48)	4 (50)	2 (20)	42 (45)
Absent	39 (52)	4 (50)	8 (80)	51 (55)
Temporary hemostasis
Clipping	3 (4)	1 (13)	2 (20)	6 (7)
EVL	5 (7)	1 (13)	0 (0)	6 (7)
Histacryl	3 (4)	1 (13)	0 (0)	4 (4)
Balloon tamponade	2 (3)	0 (0)	0 (0)	2 (2)
Spontaneous	23 (31)	1 (13)	0 (0)	24 (26)
Duration of hospitalization (mean ± SD, d)	17.9 ± 23.4	14.6 ± 12.8	10.4 ± 4.0	16.8 ± 21.4
Follow-up (mean ± SD, d)	1040 ± 713	600 ± 381	704 ± 389	966 ± 677
Range (d)	35 - 2805	1134 - 150	83 - 1183	35 - 2805

BRTO : Balloon occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration; PTO : Percutaneous transhepatic obliteration; Com-T : Combined therapy; EVL : Endoscopic variceal ligation; IGV1: Isolated gastric varices; GOV2 : Gastroesophageal varices.