Nervous and Neuroendocrine regulation of the pathophysiology of cholestasis and of biliary carcinogenesis

Table 4 Neuroendocrine hormones affecting cholangio-carcinoma cell biology

Hormone	Receptor	Effect on cholangiocarcinoma cell biology	Reference
Somatostatin, analogues (octreotide, lanreotide)	SSTR2	Inhibited human cholangiocarcinoma cell proliferation in vitro and reduced human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth implanted in athymic mice	96
		Inhibited RBE, NEC, QBC939, and SSP-25 cell proliferation in vitro through cell cycle arrest and QBC939 xenografts growth	95
GABA	GABAA,-B,-C	Inhibited human Mz-ChA-1, HuH-28 and TFK-1 cell proliferation in vitro; reduced malignant cholangiocyte migration. Reduced Mz-ChA-1 xenograft tumor growth implanted in athymic mice	98
NPY	NPY-Y5	Inhibited Mz-ChA-1 cell proliferation in vitro	99