Nervous and Neuroendocrine regulation of the pathophysiology of cholestasis and of biliary carcinogenesis

Table 3 Neuroendocrine hormones affecting cholangio-carcinoma cell biology

Hormone	Receptor	Effect on cholangiocarcinoma cell biology	Reference
Estrogens	ER	Stimulated SK-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma cell growth	81
		Tamoxifen induced dose-dependent growth inhibition of OZ and SK-ChA-1 human cells in vitro; reduced growth of a SK-ChA-1 tumor cell xenografts implanted in athymic nude mice	81
		Tamoxifen stimulated SK-ChA-1 human cholangiocarcinoma apoptotic cell death	82
		Tamoxifen induced human cholangi-ocarcinoma cell apoptosis in vitro and inhibited tumor xenograft growth after pretreatment with IFN-gamma	83, 84
Gastrin	CCK-B/gastrin	Inhibited Mz-ChA-1, HuH-28, and TFK-1 human cell lines proliferation and induced Mz-ChA-1 cell apoptosis	90
CCK	CCK	Reduced the growth of SLU-132 human tumor xenografts implanted in nude mice; stimulated the release of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by SLU-132 cells	93