INTRODUCTION
Microcirculatory dysfunction and free oxygen radicals are important factors in the pathogenesis of acute experimental pancreatitis[1-3]. Oxygen free radicals are formed during aerobic cellular metabolism. Under physiological conditions they are eliminated by a system of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Under conditions of imbalance like in acute pancreatitis between antioxidants and oxidants as in hyperoxygenation, ischemia and reperfusion and tissue inflammation “oxidative stress” occurs[4-8].
Oxygen species initiate a pronounced peroxidation of membrane lipids, detectable after 30 min by a significant rise in the lipid peroxidation marker malondialdehyde (MDA), persisting up to 16 h[8,9]. At the same time a significant decrease in glutathione thiols (GSH, potent antioxidant in the pancreas) occurs[10,11]. In the human, acute pancreatitis increases the amount of lipid peroxidation products and decreases antioxidants[12-14].
It has been shown that pancreatic microcirculatory deficits can be treated with bovine haemoglobin, which improves fluidity due to its colloid effects and delivers cell free oxygen to oxygen deprived tissue[15]. However, additional application of cell free oxygen might potentially enhance detrimental O2 radical products[16], which could limit the positive value of bovine haemoglobin in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis.
This study assesses the relationship between free oxygen radicals and pancreatic microcirculation in a rodent model of severe acute pancreatitis after therapeutic application of a hemoglobin based oxygen carrier (HBOC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethical Committee of the Hamburg Federal Board of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Care. After overnight fasting with free access to water containing 20% glucose, thirty female Wistar rats (230-250 g) were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 10). Anesthesia was induced by intraperitoneal pentobarbital (40 mg/kg BW) and ketamine (10 mg/kg BW) allowing spontaneous breathing by tracheostomy. Ringer lactate was infused for fluid resuscitation keeping the central venous pressure between 4 and 6 mmHg and heart rate as well as mean arterial pressure within 10% of baseline frequency throughout the experiment (Datex AS/3 monitoring system; Hoyer, Bremen, Germany).
Acute pancreatitis was induced according to a standardised regimen[17] using a combination of intravenous cerulein infusion (5 mg/kg per hour; Takus, Pharmacia, Erlangen, Germany) at a rate of 1 mL/h over 6 h and intraductal infusion of glycodeoxycholic acid (GDOC: 10 mmol/L; 1 mL/kg for 300 s; infusion pressure 25 to 30 mmHg).
Fifteen minutes after induction the animals received either 0.8 mL bovine hemoglobin (HBOC-group) (HBOC-200, Biopure MD, USA), 0.8 mL hydroxyethyl starch (HES-group 3) or 2.4 mL of normal saline (NaCl-group) to ensure normovolemic substitution. In vivo fluorescence microscopy was performed with an epi-illumination unit (Zeiss, Germany). Microcirculation was observed for 6 h, measurements were performed in the head of the pancreas: 0 min was defined as the intraductal infusion of GDOC. Leucocyte adherence (area of adherent leucocytes in a percentage of the vein cross section) and functional capillary density (number of perfused capillaries to the total number of capillaries) were studied. After 6 h of examination the animals were sacrificed by an intravenous injection of pentobarbital. Pancreatic tissue samples were excised for determination of tissue damage and malondialdehyde (Lipid Peroxidation Assay Kit, Calbiochem, San Diego, USA) and GSH concentrations (Glutathion Assay Kit, Calbiochem, San Diego, USA) specified in μmol/L/g protein. The samples were immediately processed and stored at -80 °C. The Glutathione Assay Kit takes advantage of a 2-step reaction. The first step involves the formation of thioethers when a patented reagent reacts with all mercaptans (including glutathione) in the sample. The second step is an elimination reaction that takes place in alkaline conditions. This second reaction is mediated by 30% NaOH which specifically transforms the substitution product obtained with GSH into a chromophoric thione with a maximal absorbance at 400 nm. The main advantage of the method is that it does not require any enzyme as a reagent.
The Lipid Peroxidation Assay Kit takes advantage of a chromogenic reagent (10.3 mmol/L N-methyl-2-phenylindole, in acetonitrile) which reacts with MDA and 4-hydroxyalkenals at 45 °C. Condensation of one molecule of either MDA or 4-hydroxyalkenal with 2 molecules of 10.3 mmol/L N-methyl-2-phenylindole yields a stable chromophore with maximal absorbance at 586 nm.
Tissue protein concentration was detected by using the BCA Protein Assay Reagent Kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). The BCA Protein Assay is a detergent-compatible formulation based on bicinchoninic acid (BCA) for the colometric detection and quantitation of total protein. This method combines the reduction of Cu+2 to Cu+1 by protein in an alkaline medium (the biuret reaction) with the colometric detection of the cuprous cation (Cu+1) using a unique reagent containing bicinchonic acid[18].
The histopathological scoring was analyzed by light microscopy using a validated score quantifying acinar necrosis, fat necrosis and hemorrhage, leucocyte infiltration and edema[19].
Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis of the changes from baseline values in each group of animals utilized the paired Student's t-test. Significances between the groups were assessed by the unpaired t-test. P < 0.05 was considered significant. All data are presented as mean ± SD.
RESULTS
Results of pancreatic microcirculation and tissue damage have been reported elsewhere[15].
In essence pancreatic microcirculation improved in the HBOC-200-group when compared to NaCl-group [functional capillary density (fcd): 0.7 (SD 0.3) vs 0.33 (0.12); P < 0.05]; leucocyte adherence (la): 0.27 (0.14) vs 0.54 (0.19); P < 0.05). HES also improved pancreatic microcirculation when compared to NaCl-group (fcd: 0.49 (0.15) vs 0.33 (0.12); P < 0.05 and la: 0.39 (0.11) vs 0.54 (0.19); P < 0.05).
Tissue damage[
15] (Figures
1-4)
Figure 1 Light microscopy (display alternation = 200) of pacreatic tissue 6 h after induction of acute pancreatitis and traement with HBOC (score: 6 points out of 16).
Figure 2 Light microscopy (display alternation = 200) of pacreatic tissue 6 h after induction of acute pancreatitis and traement with HES (score: 8.
5 points out of 16).
Figure 3 Light microscopy (display alternation = 200) of pacreatic tissue 6 h after induction of acute pancreatitis and treatment with NaCl (score: 10 points out of 16).
Figure 4 Histological scoring of pancreatic tissue 6 h after induction of acute pancreatitis.
Values are mean ± range. (AN = acinar necrosis, HEM = hemorrhage, INF = leucocyte infiltration, ED = edema).
The histological score showed significantly less tissue damage in HBOC-group (Figure 1) versus NaCl-group (6.25 vs 9.25) (range 3-8.5 vs 8-10.75); P < 0.001. The overall score is reflected within all subgroups. Comparing HES and HBOC-therapy significantly less tissue damage was found (6.25 vs 8) (range 3-8.5 vs 6.5-10.25); P = 0.006 in the HBOC group. When comparing HES (Figure 2) and NaCl (Figure 3) less necrosis and hemorrhaging (1.75 vs 2.75) (range 1.5-2.75 vs 2.25-3.5) was found in the HES therapy group(Figure 4).
Oxygen radicals
Tissue concentration of MDA did not differ between the groups (HBOC-200-group: 4.37 ± 1.11 μmol/L per g protein; HES-group: 3.77 ± 1.45 μmol/L per g protein; NaCl-group: 4.31 ± 1.19 μmol/L per g protein. MDA-tissue levels (n = 10) of sham operated rats were 5.41 ± 2.12 μmol/L per g protein.
Also no differences in GSH levels were detected HBOC-group: 2.93 ± 1.72 μmol/L per g; HES-group: 4.46 ± 3.55 μmol/L per g; NaCl-group: 3.7 ± 3.5 μmol/L per g. Control GSH-tissue levels (n = 10) of sham operated rats were 12.19 ± 7.04 μmol/L per g protein (Figure 5).
Figure 5 Tissue concentration of MDA and GSH in pancreatic tissue 6 h after induction of acute pancreatitis.
Values are mean ± SD.
DISCUSSION
Clinical investigations with free hemoglobin solutions have been performed since the late 1800 s. Over the years complications like renal toxic effects and short circulation time have been reduced. The new blood substitutes are able to replace blood, colloid and crystalloid solutions act as oxygen transporter in many experimental settings. The ability of potent oxygen transport to oxygen deprived tissue has been shown in different animal models[15,20].
Vincent et al investigated the influence of heme-binding proteins in heme-catalyzed oxidations. They confirmed previous studies that heme acts as a catalyst of H2O2-dependent lipid peroxidation[21]. It has been shown that diene conjugation caused by oxygen radicals gives an adequate assessment of lipid peroxidation in tissue extracts. Several studies emphasize the role of oxygen free radicals in the pathogenesis of experimental acute pancreatitis[1,3,22-26]. Oxygen radicals are generated by different biological systems. Sources are reperfusion injury as well as the respiratory burst of PMN-leucocytes[27-30]. Local tissue damage has successfully been treated by the use of radical scavengers[31,32]. However increased heme and oxygen availability like in HBOC-therapy might lead to higher generation of oxygen radicals and tissue damage caused by lipid peroxidation.
A single application of a hemoglobin based oxygen carrier in this model of severe acute pancreatitis reduces the tissue damage and ensures a stable microcirculation. Colloids like HES and Dextrane have also been proven to be an effective therapy for microcirculatory dysfunctions[33-36]. The superiority of HBOC[34,36,37] might be explained by the combining effect of a colloid and noncorpuscular oxygen carrier. HBOC releases oxygen in areas of poor perfundation and ensure tissue oxygenation.
However, the hypothesis that hyperoxygenation and additional oxygen supply might lead to an increased production of oxygen free radicals was not supported by this data. This study could not confirm former publications suggesting that increased heme availability promotes the enhencement of lipid peroxidation. Dunne et al demonstrated the reactivity of various modified hemoglobins to hydrogen peroxide in terms of free radical formation. They compared PHP hemoglobin (crosslinked between the β-subunits and conjugated with polyoxyethylene) with DBBF hemoglobin (crosslinked between the β-subunits using dibromosalicylfumerate, and control HbA0. All the blood substitutes generated free radicals. MDA- levels were equal in nearly all groups. When compared to sham operated animals MDA-levels in the HBOC groups reached the same levels. One explanation of this finding could be that the level of MDA and GSH might have reached their peak within the first hours of pancreatitis and decreased to normal levels after 6 h. This theory is underlined by former studies[23,32,38-39] Schoenberg et al determined the peroxidation products, conjugated dienes and MDA in hemorrhagic pancreatitis induced by retrograde injection of sodium-taurocholate . The tissue levels of MDA increased, reaching their highest level after 1 h. Two hours later the lipid peroxides had returned to control levels.
GSH-tissue levels also showed no statistically relevant differences in the groups. Compared to GSH-levels of sham operated rats a decrease was found which might be an indication for oxidative stress in all groups. Dabrowski et al were able to show a decrease in pancreatic GSH at an early stage of cerulein-induced pancreatitis in rats[40,41].
Other researchers were able to prevent local tissue damage in experimental pancreatitis by the use of radical scavenging therapy[26,31-32]. Since we could not detect differences in oxidative stress markers we would explain the reduced histopathological damage by an improved pancreatic microcirculation. An excess formation of free oxygen radicals in the setting of additional oxygen supply was not detected.
S- Editor Wang J L- Editor Zhang JZ E- Editor Bi L
