Effect of resveratrol on pancreatic oxygen free radicals in rats with severe acute pancreatitis

Abstract

AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effects of resveratrol (RESV) as a free radical scavenger on experimental severe acute pancreatitis (SAP).

METHODS: Seventy-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided randomly into sham operation group, SAP group, and resveratrol-treated group. Pancreatitis was induced by intraductal administration of 0.1 mL/kg 4% sodium taurocholate. RESV was given intravenously at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight. All animals were killed at 3, 6, 12 h after induction of the model. Serum amylase, pancreatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were determined. Pathologic changes of the pancreas were observed under optical microscope.

RESULTS: The serum amylase, pancreatic MPO and the score of pathologic damage increased after the induction of pancreatitis, early (3, 6 h) SAP samples were characterized by decreased pancreatic SOD and increased pancreatic MDA. Resveratrol exhibited a protective effect against lipid peroxidation in cell membrane caused by oxygen free radicals in the early stage of SAP. This attenuation of the redox state impairment reduced cellular oxidative damage, as reflected by lower serum amylase, less severe pancreatic lesions, normal pancreatic MDA levels, as well as diminished neutrophil infiltration in pancreas.

CONCLUSION: RESV may exert its therapeutic effect on SAP by lowering pancreatic oxidative free radicals and reducing pancreatic tissue infiltration of neutrophils.

Key Words: Severe acute pancreatitis, Resveratrol, Oxygen free radical, Neutrophil

INTRODUCTION

Resveratrol (3,5,4’-trihydroxystilbene) is a naturally occurring phytoalexin present in grapes, fruits, and a variety of medicinal plants[1]. It is the major active component of Rhubarb and Giant Knotweed Rhizome, etc., in traditional Chinese medicine. In in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo experiments, RESV displays diverse pharmacological effects including modulation of lipoprotein metabolism and cardiovascular protection[2], anti-inflammation[3], platelet antiaggregatory activity[2], antimicrobial activity[4], antiallergic activity[5], anticancer properties[6,7], and most notably, antioxidant properties[8]. In the present study, the sodium taurocholate-induced model of SAP was used to investigate the effects of RESV on SOD, MDA, MPO, serum amylase, and pancreatic pathological change to assess the role of oxidative stress in SAP and the therapeutic effects of RESV on SAP.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Materials

RESV was obtained from Huike Botanical Development Co, stocked solution of RESV was made in Tween-80 at the concentration of 10 mg/mL and kept frozen. Sodium taurocholate was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co. SOD, MDA, and MPO assay reagents were from Nanjing Jiangcheng Bioengineering Institute.

Animals

Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 - 300 g, purchased from Laboratory Animal Center attached to Medical College of Xi’an Jiaotong University, were used. All animals were housed in a macroion cage at 22 - 24 °C in a 12/12-h light/dark cycle. The animals were given a standard rat chow and fasted overnight with free access to water before the experiment. Care was provided in accordance with the “Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals” (NIH publication No. 85 - 23, revised in 1996). The study was approved by the Subcommittee on Experimental Animal Care of our institution.

Induction of severe acute pancreatitis

The rats were anesthetized by an intraperitoneal injection of pentobarbital (30 mg/kg, Sigma). Through a midline incision, the duodenum and the pancreatic bile duct were identified, and the duodenal wall was punctured with a 24-gauge Teflon catheter. The catheter was advanced into the common pancreatic bile duct. A microvascular clamp was placed on the duct at the hilum of the liver, a microtube clamp was placed around the catheter and the wall of the duct close to the duodenum to prevent reflux. Four percent sodium taurocholate (1 mL/kg body weight, Sigma T - 0750) was injected into the pancreatic bile duct for 60 s. The clamp remained in place throughout the intraductal infusion to prevent misdirected flow into the biliary system.

Experimental design

Seventy-two rats were randomly divided into sham operation group: laparotomy followed by tipping of the pancreas without any infusion, SAP group: receiving infusion of 40 g/L sodium taurocholate into the pancreatic bile duct, RESV-treated group: perfused with RESV at a dose of 20 mg/kg body weight through vena dorsalis penis 10 min after the induction of SAP. After 3, 6, and 12 h, eight rats from each group were killed and blood was taken from the left ventricle of the heart. The samples were centrifuged (3 000 r/min, 10 min, 4 ºC) and serum was derivatized and immediately stored at -70 °C for amylase determination. The pancreas was removed; the head of pancreas was fixed in 40 g/L paraformaldehyde for histologic analysis. Caudal pancreatic tissue was powdered using a mortar and pestle on dry ice and immediately stored at -70 °C for determining pancreatic SOD, MDA, and MPO.

Histopathologic analysis

Tissue samples of the pancreas were fixed in 40 g/L paraformaldehyde and embedded with paraffin. Five-micrometer thick sections were stained with hematoxylin/eosin and examined and graded as previously described[9]. The total surface of the slides was scored by one blinded pathologist for four different variables (edema, acinar necrosis, hemorrhage and fat necrosis, inflammation and perivascular infiltrate) to determine the severity of pancreatic injury.

Detection of serum amylase and measurement of pancreatic SOD, MDA, and MPO

Amylase activity in serum was determined using an automatic biochemistry analyzer (Hitachi 7170). Pancreas was homogenized in physiological saline or 5 g/L HTAB using ultrasonication. The SOD content was measured using the xanthine oxidase technique based on the spectrophotometric monitoring of SOD-mediated reduction of DTNB at 550 nm. The concentration of MDA was quantified by thiobarbituric acid reaction and MPO contents were determined as described by Bhatia et al [10].

Statistical analysis

Results were expressed as mean ± SE. Statistical analysis was done using the SPSS10.0 software package. One-way analysis of variance was used to establish whether the difference among the three groups was statistically significant. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

Histopathology

There was no or a small amount of clear ascitic fluid in sham operation group. More than 8 mL turbid hemorrhagic ascites could be seen in all rats of SAP group. No obvious change or slight edema could be seen in sham operation group. Pancreas in SAP group displayed disparate edema with punctiform or lamellar hemorrhage and necrosis. Saponified spots could be seen at pancreas, epiploon, mesentery, peritoneum, and perinephric fat. Pancreatic tissue was normal in sham operation group. In SAP group, pancreatic tissue displayed interstitial edema, widened lobula interspace, inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage and necrosis. Microthromb could be found inside the small vessels around focal necrosis of the pancreas. In contrast, in RESV-treated group, the ascitic fluid diminished significantly and turbidity was lower than that in SAP group. Saponified spots, pancreatic edema, necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration decreased significantly in RESV-treated group (Table 1).

Table 1 Pancreatic histopathologic scoring in rats (mean ± SE).

	n	Sham operation	SAP	RESV-treated
3 h	8	0.283 ± 0.112	9.236 ± 0.624b	5.283 ± 0.646d
6 h	8	0.219 ± 0.171	11.357 ± 0.535b	5.598 ± 0.417d
12 h	8	0.112 ± 0.051	13.559 ± 0.636b	6.003 ± 0.717d

^bP < 0.01 vs Sham operation;

^dP < 0.01 vs SAP group.

Serum amylase

Compared to sham operation group, the serum amylase in SAP group increased at all time points (P < 0.01), decreased significantly in RESV-treated group when compared to SAP group at the corresponding time points (P < 0.01, Figure 1).

Figure 1 Comparison of serum amylase in rats.

SOD and MDA in pancreatic tissue

Compared to sham operation group, pancreatic SOD descended and MDA increased in SAP group at 3 and 6 h (P < 0.01), but there was no difference between the two groups at 12 h in SOD and MDA. In contrast, pancreatic SOD increased and MDA descended in RESV-treated group at 3 and 6 h when compared to SAP group (P < 0.01), but there was no difference in SOD and MDA at 12 h between two groups (Figures 2A and 2B).

Figure 2 Comparison of pancreatic SOD(A) and MDA(B) at different time points.

MPO in pancreatic tissue

Compared to sham operation group, the pancreatic MPO in SAP group increased at all time points (P < 0.01), but decreased significantly in RESV-treated group when compared to SAP group at the corresponding time points (P < 0.01, Figure 3).

Figure 3 Comparison of pancreatic MPO at different time points.

DISCUSSION

The pathogenesis and therapeutics of SAP are constantly emphasized in general surgery. Sanfey et al [11] have suggested a possible involvement of oxygen free radicals (OFRs) in acute pancreatitis. In 1995, Kishimoto et al.[12] detected pancreatic OFRs in acute pancreatitis using the technique of chemiluminescence probe and high sensitive photon counting and found that OFRs emerge 2 - 3 h after the induction of acute pancreatitis, demonstrating that there exists peroxidation in acute pancreatitis. OFRs can attack polyunsaturated fatty acid’s aldehyde group inside the biomembrane, initiating lipid peroxidation and accordingly forming lipid peroxidation products, as such MDA, which result in the loss of membrane stability and release of acinar cell enzyme precursors, and activate phospholipase A1 which can decompose lecithinum inside cellular membrane, further causing tissue damage. SOD is an internal antioxidase. OFRs in vivo are augmented when acute pancreatitis develops, which results in the consumption of antioxidant, SOD activity decrease. Therefore, it is difficult to prevent damage to the pancreas and other organs by lipid peroxidation. Detection of pancreatic SOD and MDA can reflect the peroxidation of pancreatic acinar cells and indirectly reflect the damage due to OFRs.

A number of antioxidant therapies can improve pancreatitis induced by the administration of cerulein[13] and infusion of taurocholate[14]. Lasztity et al.[15] found that when enteral formula enriched with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids is used in the treatment of acute pancreatitis, the erythrocyte SOD activity is elevated significantly. Leonard et al.[8] showed that RESV can scavenge OFRs as measured by spin trapping competitions using sodium formate as a second free radical scavenger, and is effective in inhibiting lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes. In the present study, when compared to sham operation group, 3 h after the induction of SAP, pancreatic SOD decreased significantly, reaching perigee at 6 h, and returned to the level of sham operation group at 12 h. In contrast, 3 h after the induction of SAP, pancreatic MDA increased significantly, reaching to apogee at 6 h, and returned to the level of sham operation group at 12 h. Simultaneously, the serum amylase and pancreatic histopatho-logic score increased gradually. The results indic-ate that overproduction of OFRs occurs in early SAP and is a significant factor for aggravating pathogenetic condition. This is coincident with the research by Reinheckel et al [16]. When compared to SAP group, pancreatic SOD in RESV-treated group increased significantly at 3 and 6 h (P < 0.01), whereas pancreatic MDA in RESV-treated group decreased significantly at 3 and 6 h (P < 0.01). On the other hand, compared to SAP group, both serum amylase and pancreatic histopathologic score in RESV-treated group decreased at all three time points (P < 0.01) indicating that RESV can depress earlier OFR production and lipid peroxidation of cellular membrane, diminish enzyme precursor release and necrosis of acinar cells, thus ameliorating pancreatic pathological lesions.

Neutrophils are the other major cellular source of OFRs during acute pancreatitis[17,18], and can directly release several inflammatory cytokines, evoking systemic inflammatory reactive syndrome (SIRS). since OFRs can exert a chemoattractant effect, thereby promoting accumulation of leukocytes in the inflamed gland[17]. Decreased acinar OFR production after RESV treatment may contribute to the reduced neutrophil infiltration, further ameliorating SIRS in SAP. In our study neutrophil sequestration within the pancreas was estimated by measuring tissue MPO activity. When compared to SAP group, the pancreatic MPO decreased at all the time points in RESV-treated group (P < 0.01). Moreover, studies showed that RESV can suppress the activation of NF-κB. Thus, RESV treatment might lead to the suppression of NF-κB activation and the subsequent prevention of several inflammatory mediator genes from being actively expressed[19-21]. This mechanism may also help to reduce the sequestration of neutrophils in the pancreas and the associated OFR generation, thus effectively attenuating pancreatic damage.

In conclusion, overproduction of OFRs takes place in early SAP, and is a significant factor for aggravating pathogenetic condition. RESV can ameliorate pathological lesions in the pancreas by lowering pancreatic OFRs and reducing pancreatic tissue infiltration of neutrophils. It may have certain therapeutical effects on acute pancreatitis.