Epinephrine injection therapy versus a combination of epinephrine injection and endoscopic hemoclip in the treatment of bleeding ulcers

Table 1 Clinical characteristics of patients in the two treatment groups.

	Epinephrine injection alone (n = 202)	Combination therapy (n = 91)	P value
Gender (male:female)	152:50:00	59:32:00	0.066
Age (yr)	61±17	66±16	0.016
(range in years)	(21–89)	(24–90)
Smoking, n (%)	61 (30.2)	30 (33.0)	0.674
Alcohol, n (%)	42 (20.8)	12 (13.2)	0.108
Recent NSAID usage, n (%)	70 (34.7)	37 (40.7)	0.338
Past history of peptic ulcer, n (%)	64 (31.7)	25 (27.5)	0.453
Past history of UGIB, n (%)	35 (17.3)	15 (16.5)	0.845
Lowest Hb	9.1±2.5	8.7±2.5	0.162
(range in g/dL)	(4.1-16.4)	(4.3-17.9)
Ulcer type (GU:DU)	76:126	40:51:00	0.305
Endoscopic major SRH, n (%)
-active bleeding	82 (40.6)	46 (50.5)
-visible vessel	102 (50.5)	42 (46.2)	0.185
-adherent clot	18 (8.9)	3 (3.3)
ASA physical status, n (% )
-P1 (Healthy; no medical problems)	78 (38.6)	25 (27.5)
-P2 (Mild systemic disease)	51 (25.2)	23 (25.3)	0.124
-P3 (Severe systemic disease)	73 (36.1)	43 (47.3)