Sclerosing cholangitis following severe trauma: Description of a remarkable disease entity with emphasis on possible pathophysiologic mechanisms

Table 2 Patients’ data and important findings during the early course at the intensive care unit

	Patient 1	Patient 2	Patient 3	Patient 4	Patient 5
Time of increase of liver
function tests > 2× ULN (d)
GGT	101	6	5	4	11
AP	18	18	9	12	15
Bilirubin	36	62	10	8	13
AST	18	52	9	12	16
ALT	18	23	9	7	19
Mechanical ventilation (d)	36;	13;	25;	16;	62;
	PEEPmax. 6 mmHg;	PEEPmax. 10 mmHg;	PEEPmax. 8 mmHg;	PEEPmax. 15 mmHg;	PEEPmax. 20 mmHg;
	FiO2 not documented	FiO2max. 0.6	FiO2max. 0.6	FiO2max. 0.7	FiO2max. 0.6
Severe hypotension	d 1 (2 h)	d 1 (45 min)	d 2 (30 min) and	d 1 (30 min)	None
(systolic blood pressure			d 3 (60 min)
< 70 mm Hg)3
Vasopressor therapy	Dobutamine d 1-8	None	Norepinephrine d 3-5	Norepinephrine d 2-4	None
	dopamine d 1-18		and d 9-17
	norepinephrine d 1-7
Minimum hemoglobin3	7.3 g/dL (d 3)	2.4 g/dL (d 1)	7.2 g/dL (d 3)	8.6 g/dL (d 1)	7.9 g/dL (d 4)
Transfusions (RBC units)3	30	34	10	10	24
Fever (> 38.0 )	d 7-16	d 6-13	d 2-25	d 5-17	d 2- >20
Antibiotics3	Cefotaxim, imipenem,	None	Piperacillin/sulbactam	None	Piperacillin/tazobactam,
	sulbactam, mezlocillin				ciprofloxacin, meropenem,
					levofloxacin, fluconazol

ALT: alanine aminotransferase; AP: alkaline phosphatase; AST: aspartate aminotransferase; FiO2max.: maximum fraction of inspired oxygen; GGT: gamma glutamyl transferase; PEEPmax.: maximum positive end-exspiratory pressure; ULN: upper limit of normal ¹No control of liver function tests between d 4 and 10; ²A bilirubin value 2× ULN was noted only once at d 6;

³Until increase of GGT ≥ 2× ULN.