Development of a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire for middle-aged inhabitants in the Chaoshan area, China

Table 2 Intake of nutrients by the urban and rural subjects

	Males		P	Females		P
	Rural	Urban		Rural	Urban
	n = 115	n = 102		n = 102	n = 98
Energy (kcal)	2 268 ± 539	2 237 ± 520	0.447	2 560 ± 661	2 449 ± 635	0.084
Protein (g)	83.5 ± 26.7	85.5 ± 23.8	0.375	85.0 ± 27.4	91.8 ± 27.3	0.244
Fat (g)	84.7 ± 28.2	90.8 ± 41.8	0.196	103.9 ± 26.9	104.3 ± 40.5	0.121
Carbohydrate (g)	295.1 ± 106.8	271.9 ± 101.1	0.320	327.2 ± 129.8	301.3 ± 111.8	0.758
Crude fiber (g)	10.2 ± 4.7	10.0 ± 3.7	0.707	9.5 ± 3.6	12.0 ± 9.8	0.017
Cholesterol (mg)	389.1 ± 221.0	352.7 ± 165.2	0.174	344.7 ± 249.8	441.3 ± 217.7	0.004
Carotene (μg)	2 576.7 ± 2 105.7	2 693.8 ± 2 009.1	0.675	2566.5 ± 2132.6	3 487.0 ± 1 872.2	0.001
Retinol (μg)	118.0 ± 84.0	116.6 ± 118.8	0.92	90.4 ± 78.6	137.1 ± 86.5	0.000
Folic acid (mg)	395.6 ± 219.9	357.6 ± 129.9	0.128	375.5 ± 155.0	452.6 ± 172.3	0.001
Vitamin C (mg)	88.4 ± 52.3	80.4 ± 39.6	0.205	96.2 ± 61.0	102.2 ± 38.8	0.416
Vitamin E (mg)	22.7 ± 10.8	27.0 ± 11.7	0.005	24.2 ± 10.9	28.9 ± 11.1	0.003
Calcium (mg)	525.6 ± 191.7	446.8 ± 190.2	0.412	406.9 ± 187.4	505.0 ± 155.1	0.000
Phosphorus (mg)	963.9 ± 311.0	937.2 ± 216.8	0.468	1 042.0 ± 390.2	1 099.8 ± 222.0	0.202
Potassium (mg)	1 718.0 ± 575.5	1 745.0 ± 459.3	0.705	1 808.9 ± 666.6	2 006.6 ± 453.2	0.015
Sodium (mg)	4 584.7 ± 1 856.1	4 460.9 ± 2 297.6	0.66	6 091.1 ± 2 436.2	4 733.4 ± 1 590.2	0.000
Magnesium (mg)	298.8 ± 93.4	280.2 ± 63.2	0.09	311.4 ± 104.2	326.7 ± 64.4	0.215
Iron (mg)	23.3 ± 8.8	22.9 ± 7.3	0.744	22.7 ± 8.2	25.5 ± 6.8	0.009
Zinc (mg)	12.73 ± 4.78	11.53 ± 2.80	0.028	13.25 ± 5.42	13.99 ± 3.54	0.256
Selenium (μg)	64.92 ± 29.60	69.40 ± 37.20	0.322	77.81 ± 42.63	72.55 ± 38.14	0.36
Copper (mg)	2.46 ± 1.53	2.24 ± 1.02	0.227	2.30 ± 1.19	2.38 ± 0.68	0.589
SFA (g)	21.14 ± 7.51	22.83 ± 7.92	0.107	24.12 ± 10.56	25.84 ± 8.78	0.215
MUFA (g)	32.05 ± 10.68	35.83 ± 10.47	0.009	36.53 ± 15.36	42.34 ± 10.26	0.002
PUFA (g)	18.62 ± 8.27	23.01 ± 9.70	0.000	21.90 ± 15.58	26.41 ± 8.92	0.013
Oleic acid (g)	29.40 ± 9.79	33.12 ± 9.76	0.005	33.50 ± 13.74	38.46 ± 9.39	0.003
Linoleic acid (g)	16.76 ± 7.41	20.89 ± 8.76	0.000	18.93 ± 8.63	23.92 ± 8.12	0.000
Linolenic acid (g)	1.64 ± 1.30	1.67 ± 1.46	0.895	1.74 ± 1.62	2.76 ± 2.06	0.000
Arachidonic acid (g)	0.088 ± 0.041	0.087 ± 0.041	0.951	0.092 ± 0.056	0.096 ± 0.047	0.626
EPA (g)	0.038 ± 0.046	0.039 ± 0.036	0.900	0.050 ± 0.041	0.034 ± 0.032	0.004
DHA (g)	0.079 ± 0.100	0.069 ± 0.063	0.385	0.118 ± 0.095	0.072 ± 0.073	0.000

SFA: saturated fatty acid; MUFA: mono-unsaturated fatty acid; PUFA: poly-unsaturated fatty acid; EPA: eicosapentaenoic acid; DHA: docosahexaenoic acid.