Clinical evidence of growth hormone for patients undergoing abdominal surgery: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Table 2 Random effect model of standardized mean difference (95%CI) in improving postoperative nitrogen balance (A) and in reducing the duration of postoperative fatigue syndrome (C) and weighted mean difference (95%CI) in decreasing the length of hospital stay (B) and in increasing blood glucose levels (D) with GH as compared with placebo

Study	Treatment	Treatment	Control	Control	Weight	SMD (random)
	n	Mean (SD)	n	Mean (SD)	%	95%CI
Ponting	6	1.8 (0.40)	5	-0.90 (0.70)	6.23	4.46 [1.85, 7.07]
Jiang	9	-7.10 (3.12)	9	-32.60 (4.20)	6.27	6.56 [3.97, 9.16]
Mjaaland	9	4.1 (1.10)	10	-3.10 (1.80)	8.36	4.55 [2.69, 6.41]
Hammarqvist	8	-2.32 (1.66)	9	-7.09 (0.71)	8.91	3.63 [1.94, 5.32]
Lehner	19	-4.30 (9.60)	21	-14.80 (3.30)	11.94	1.46 [0.76, 2.17]
Saito	18	-18.00 (3.30)	18	-185.00 (58.00)	10.6	3.98 [2.80, 5.15]
López	9	-7.30 (2.80)	9	-20.70 (4.10)	9.09	3.64 [2.00, 5.27]
Tacke	9	-10.00 (2.61)	10	-20.47 (3.86)	9.85	3 [1.60, 4.40]
Wong	8	3 (0.90)	7	-1.30 (0.75)	7.15	4.85 [2.59, 7.11]
Jenson	9	-47 (20.00)	10	-73.00 (20.00)	11.12	1.24 [0.24, 2.25]
Kolstad	11	-3.90 (0.40)	10	-5.70 (0.90)	10.49	2.53 [1.32, 3.73]
Total (95%CI)	115		118		100	3.37 [2.46, 4.27]

Test for heterogeneity: χ² = 44.48, df = 10 (P < 0.00001), I² = 77.5%. Test for overall effect: Z = 7.27 (P < 0.00001).