Association of Helicobacter pylori infection and giardiasis: Results from a study of surrogate markers for fecal exposure among children

Table 3 Age-adjusted OR for the association between H pylori or hepatitis A infection (HAV) and selected characteristics in 121 children, Salvador, Brazil, 2001-2002.

Sociodemographic characteristics	Seropositivity for H pylori	Seropositivity for HAV
	OR (95% CI)1	OR (95% CI)1
Gender
Male	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Female	1.0 (0.5-2.0)	0.8 (0.4-1.7)
Ethnicity
Non-black	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Black	2.1 (0.9-4.5)	0.7 (0.3-1.6)
Crowding index
≤1.0	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
1.1-2.0	0.8 (0.4-1.6)	1.0 (0.5-2.2)
2.1-3.0	1.0 (0.3-3.2)	1.0 (0.3-3.4)
>3.0	3.3 (0.9-12.4)	9.6 (2.0-46.1)b
Sanitary conditions
Poor garbage disposal quality (vs good)	2.5 (1.1-5.3)a	2.3 (1.0-5.2)a
Poor household excreta disposal system (vs good)	1.7 (0.8-3.6)	2.8 (1.2-6.1)a
Home restroom outside the household (vs inside)	2.6 (1.0-6.3)a	3.8 (1.4-9.9)b
Presence of intestinal parasites None	1 (referent)	1 (referent)
Ascaris lumbricoides	1.3 (0.6-3.1)	2.1 (0.8-5.4)
Trichiurus trichiura	0.9 (0.3-2.7)	1.4 (0.4-4.7)
G lamblia	3.6 (1.1-11.8)a	4.3 (1.3-13.9)a
Endolimax nana	1.7 (0.8-3.8)	2.1 (0.9-4.9)
Entamoeba histolytica	0.7 (0.1-4.6)	0.3 (0.0-3.4)
Iodamoeba butschlii	1.5 (0.3-8.6)	0.4 (0.0-3.5)

¹OR (95% CI);

^aP<0.05,

^bP<0.01 other groups.