Metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for gallstone disease

Table 1 Clinical, demographic, anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with the probability of gallstone disease in univariate logistic regression analysis.

Variable	Cases, n = 65		Controls, n = 180		OR	95%CI	P
	n	%	n	%
Gender
Men vs women	29	44.6	101	56.1	0.63	0.34-1.12	0.15
Age (yr)
≥45 men; ≥55 women	38	58.5	69	38.3	2.26	1.27-4.03	0.006
Waist circumference (cm)
>102 men; >88 women	34	52.3	40	22.2	3.84	2.11-7.00	<0.0001
Waist to hip ratio
>0.85	55	84.6	139	77.2	1.62	0.76-3.46	0.29
Body mass index (kg/m2)
≥25	52	80	103	57.2	2.99	1.52-5.88	0.001
Body fat (%)
≥30	41	63.1	79	43.9	2.18	1.22-3.91	0.009
Glucose (mmol/L)
≥6.1	15	23.1	22	12.2	2.16	1.04-4.47	0.04
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L)
≥1.7	32	49.2	76	42.2	1.33	0.75-2.34	0.38
Triacylglycerol (mmol/L)
≥2.3	20	30.8	42	23.3	1.46	0.78-2.74	0.25
Total cholesterol (mmol/L)
≥6.2	13	20	31	17.2	1.2	0.59-2.47	0.71
LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
≥4.1	16	24.6	38	21.1	1.22	0.63-2.38	0.6
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<1.03 male; <1.3 female	43	66.2	110	61.1	1.24	0.69-2.56	0.55
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<0.9	19	29.2	51	28.3	1.05	0.56-1.95	0.87
HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L)
<1.3	54	83.1	135	75	1.64	0.79-3.40	0.23
Total cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol
>7	8	12.3	20	11.1	1.12	0.47-2.69	0.82
Systolic blood pressure (kPa)
≥17.3	21	32.3	18	10	4.3	2.11-8.76	<0.0001
Diastolic blood pressure (kPa)
≥11.3	12	18.5	14	7.8	2.69	1.17-6.16	0.03
Blood pressure (kPa)
≥17.3/≥11.3	21	32.2	23	12.8	3.26	1.65-6.43	0.001
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)
Yes vs no	26	40	31	17.2	3.2	1.71-6.01	<0.0001
Metabolic syndrome (ATPIII)
0 criterion	4	6.2	39	21.7	1
1 criterion	16	24.6	58	32.2	2.69	0.84-8.65	0.1
2 criteria	19	29.2	52	28.9	3.56	1.12-11.31	0.03
3 criteria	16	24.6	17	9.4	9.18	2.67-31.55	<0.0001
4 criteria	7	10.8	12	6.7	5.69	1.42-22.80	0.01
5 criteria	3	4.6	2	1.1	14.63	1.86-115.2	0.01
HOMA index
>2.5	17	26.2	24	13.3	2.3	1.14-4.64	0.03