1α, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents DNA damage and restores antioxidant enzymes in rat hepatocarcinogenesis induced by diethylnitrosamine and promoted by phenobarbital

Table 4 Effect of 1α, 25dihydroxyvitamin D₃ on DNA damage [based on mean tailed cells (%) and mean length: width ratios ± SEM of DNA pattern] in hepatic cells of rats during DEN in-duced rat hepatocarcinogenesis promoted by phenobarbital (mean ± SE, n = 100)

Groups	Length and width ratio of DNA mass	Decrease (%)	Tailed cells (%)	Decrease (%)
A	2.44±0.0681		84±0.020
B	1.029±0.005		29±0.008
C	1.12±0.025b	54.09	39±0.014d	53.57
D	1.02±0.0005		29±0.008
E	1.63±0.026g	33.19	62±0.026f	26.19
F	1.02±0.005		29±0.008

Group A: DEN control; Group B: Normal control; Group C: Long term study; Groups D, F 1α, 25(OH)₂D₃ control; Group E: promotion. Statistical level of significance by using Dunnett’s t-test,

^bP < 0.01,

^gP < 0.01,

^dP < 0.01 and

^fP < 0.01 compared to group A.