Levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in plasma and jejunum of rats following traumatic brain injury and underlying significance in gastrointestinal dysfunction

Figure 5 Alteration of VIP levels in all layers of jejunum after TBI. Compared with control, the level of VIP was significantly increased at 3 h following TBI, then declined markedly at 12 h and 24 h, and was significantly increased again at 72 h, but was at its lowest level on day 7 postinjury. ^bP < 0.01 vs control; ^dP < 0.01 vs 3 h; ^fP < 0.01 vs 3 h and 12 h.