Levels of vasoactive intestinal peptide, cholecystokinin and calcitonin gene-related peptide in plasma and jejunum of rats following traumatic brain injury and underlying significance in gastrointestinal dysfunction

Figure 2 Alteration of VIP in plasma after TBI. Compared with control, plasma level of VIP was significantly decreased at 3, 12 and 24 h postinjury, but was significantly increased at 72 h, then declined to a low level on d 7 with the value similar to that of groups of 3 h, 12 h and 24 h. ^bP < 0.01 vs control; ^dP < 0.01 vs 3 h, 12 h, 24 h and 7 d.