Hepatitis B virus, HBx mutants and their role in hepatocellular carcinoma

Figure 1 Schematic depicting the potential contributions of hepatitis B virus -encoded protein in different cellular processes. It influences the apoptosis, transcription, DNA repair and epigenetic changes as well as affecting transactivation mechanism. MAPK: Mitogen activated protein kinase; TGF: Transforming growth factor; IL: Interleukin; PKC: Protein kinase C; ATF: Activating transcription factor; NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa B; ASPP: Apoptosis-stimulating protein of p53; ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases; JNK: Janus kinase; HIF: Hypoxia-inducible factor.