Transnasal endoscopic retrograde chalangiopancreatography using an ultrathin endoscope: A prospective comparison with a routine oral procedure

Figure 1 Patterns of the endoscopic shape under fluoroscopy in performing transnasal ERCP. Upper panels, fluoroscopic views of the C, U and J shapes of an ultrathin scope; Lower panels, endoscopic views of the papilla of Vater observed in the respective patterns.

Figure 2 Dose of midazolam, a sedative drug used in ERCP. Values represent the mean, interquartile and 10%-90% quantities. O-ERCP: Oral ERCP with a conventional scope; N-ERCP: Transnasal ERCP with an ultrathin scope.

Figure 3 Cardiovascular parameters during the ERCP procedure. A-D show the changes in systolic blood pressure (A), pulse rate (B), rate-pressure product (C) and peripheral blood oxygen saturation (D). The changes of the parameters were calculated as described in the text. Open and closed circles show the oral and transnasal ERCP, respectively. Each parameter was measured before performing ERCP, just before the cannulation and at the completion of the ERCP procedure. Values represent the mean ± SE. ^bP < 0.001.